The denouement of The Dead Essay Example for Free

The denouement of The Dead EssayLooking at the denouement (pages 217 224) of The Dead, discuss the emotional variety of Gabriel.In the denouement of The Dead Gabriels mood oscillates between different emotions until, at the end, an epiphany comes upon him. This climatic epiphany at the end has been alluded to through off(a) the recital. The effect of this realisation is enhanced by the emotions which preceded it.When Gabriel and Gretta allow the cab and go into the hotel Gabriel is almost in a body politic of euphoria. The first touch of her body, musical and strange and perfumed, sent through him a keen stinging of lustDuring their journey back from the party he reflected nostalgically upon their honey moon and his lust for her seems to constitute been rekindled. In his enamoured state he feels an acute soul of passion towards his wife. As they climb the stairs of the hotel,Only the stress of his nails over against the palms of his hands held the wild impulse of his bod y in checkThe reference to nails and palms alludes to the crucifixion of Jesus, corresponding allusions are used later on in the story. His excited state of ardour when juxtaposed against his mood later on serves to emphasise it in its contrast. Gabriel excessively feels a sense of escape valve which is part of what contributed to his euphoric state,He entangle that they had escaped from their lives and duties, escaped from home and friends and run outdoor(a) togetherThis sense of escapism is a continuation of what he discussed in his speech at the party and is a theme which Joyce likes to explore. However, does this escapism imply that they are trapped in their terrene lives and duties?When they enter the hotel room the porter offers them a candle because the electricity is not working, however, Gabriel repliesWe dont want any light. We have light enough from the street.Could Gabriel be trying to require a more romantic atmosphere for what he thinks is going to happen? The lack of light too serves to heighten the atmosphere and creates an apt setting for the end determineer of the story. The light entering the room is referred to as ghastly, this seems to link in well with the menacing setting of earlier, again Gabriels emotions seem incongruous with the setting. The light coming in from the window is referenced frequently in the story and becomes of greater importance as the denouement progresses.Gabriel makes conversation with Gretta but she says she is tired, she then walks over to the window and looks out of it with a serious face, as mentioned before we will later see the significance of this. Gabriel waits for her but feels that diffidence is about to conquer him and strikes up an opposite fold of conversation about Malins, but this is in a false voice. Even though, in conversation, Gabriel appears to have his emotions under control it says he is trembling with annoyance, most in all likelihood triggered by her seeming indifference to him a nd he wonders at her abstraction. Joyce is foreshadowing what is to come, however, Gabriel is oblivious to his wife actual state of mind. He is even in a state of passion but ack like a shotledges that,To take her as she was would be brutal.As Gabriels lust grows his feelings take on an almost bestial personality, the word brutal is used again in reference to the language he wishes to shout out and he has to restrain himself. He longs to,Cry to her from his soul, to crush her body against his, to overmaster her.He is in such a pyrexia of rage and desire that he does not hear her return from the window. The portrayal of lust as something that brings out a persons animalistic nature is not an uncommon one.When she returns from the window she kisses him and tells him that he is a very generous person. The kiss and compliment trigger a mood change and his fever of rage is quelled and he trembles with delight. He strokes her hair and his heart brims with happiness, this mood sharply co ntrasts with his prior feverous state and demonstrate the tempestuous nature of his emotions.Gabriel wonders if,Her thoughts had been running with hisIn light of later occurrences this seems a foolish remark when one considers what she must have been thinking about. Gabriels own thoughts have diverged far away from what Gretta is thinking about and she does not feel his impetuous desire. However, Gabriel asks the fatal question,What are you thinking about?Gabriel then realises that she was certainly not thinking about a night of passion as she brakes loose from him.Gabriel feels astonishment when she breaks away and follows her. As he passes the reflect he catches sight of himself within it,His broad, well- worryed shirt-front, the face who expression ever so puzzled him when he saw it in a mirror and his glimmering gilt-rimmed eye glasses.This favourable image of himself will offer the reader a point of contrast when he sees himself later on and will show the effect the dead have had upon his own perception of himself.When Gabriel realises that the person she is upset about is mortal she used to k promptly his smile passes away, this phrase also alludes to the dead. A dull angriness begins to gather and the dull fires of his lust began to glow angrily in his veins, his anger of earlier is now being rekindled and his emotions have swung again. When Gretta tells him his name he tries to seem disinterested in this delicate boy, he turns the phrase Gretta has used to describe Michael against him. His mirthful question of earlier has turned into a cold question, heat was used earlier in the story as a symbol for their passion, this symbol has now been subverted in place of his attempt at indifference. Grettas eyes make Gabriel feel awkward, he possibly has an idea of what is to come.Before Gretta tells him that Michael is dead she looks away from him and along the neb of light towards the window, the window is appearing again and could be linked with the mem ory of Michael Furey. Gabriels response to Gretta saying that Michael is dead is a sense of humiliation as he realises that whilst he has been preoccupied by memories full of joy and desire she had been comparing him in her mind with another. In light of this shameful consciousness of himself his image of himself changes, in the mirror he sees himself as ludicrous and pitiable and accuses himself of idealising his own clownish lusts. As mentioned before this shows the effect Michael Furey has had on him and one of the main themes of this story is how the dead touch the living beyond the grave. We see in quite an obvious light how Michaels remainder has affected Gretta but this shows us how he has indirectly affected Gabriel already.When Gretta tells Gabriel that she thinks Michael died for her a vague terror seizes him,Some impalpable and vindictive being was coming against him, gathering forces against him in its vague worldCould this impalpable and vindictive being be Michael Fu rey? At this point he sees Michael Furey as something coming against him, his feelings towards him have not yet evolved into the jealousy, and then admiration, of later on his image of him is still vague.Gretta then goes on to tell Gabriel the full story of how Michael died and of the last night she saw him,I heard gravel thrown up against the window.The link between Michael and the window is now established, Gretta could have been looking out the window earlier remembering Michael. You could go further to say that the light coming through the window from outside was in some way part of Michael this would explain Grettas preoccupation with the window and why, earlier on, Gabriel instinctively turns away from it to hide his shame. When Gretta moves to the bed Gabriel goes and looks out of the window and this is when his epiphany creeps upon him.Gabriel looks upon her unresentfully, he does not blame Gretta but he does feel a jealousy that she has had that romance in her life. Gabri el is now pained by the realisation that he had play a poor part in her life. He wonders if she has told him all the story as he sees her clothes against the chair.Gabriel now wonders at his,Riots of emotions an hour beforeThose emotions are now long gone and he reflects upon what had given rise to them. As he wonders at the events of the party and of the wall home his thoughts inadvertently turn to death and he thinks about how his Aunt Julia will soon become a shade and that they were all becoming shades, from this he realises that it is better to,Pass boldly into that other world, in the full glory of some passion, than fade and wither dismally with ageHe admires the way Michael Furey passes away boldly and generous tears fill his eyes as he realises that he has neer felt that way about anybody and henceforth he has never felt love. This realisation that he has never loved anyone before is an especially depressing thought for him given that he is married and at that stage of lif e to realise that you could die never having felt love could be a terrifying thought. Part of why Furey passed away boldly could have been because of the love he had felt during life and how he had unexpended fuck some of that love with Gretta. Many people believe that the only afterlife we experience is what memories we leave behind on Earth, if Gabriel died, what would he leave behind?Gabriel now sees Michael Furey before him, standing under a dripping tree, this image would have been the image Michael left behind with Gretta because it was the last she saw of him. This also colligate Furey to Christ because Christ stood under a tree in the Garden of Gethsemane a few nights before he was crucified. Furey seems a Messianic figure, he also died young which would fix him forevermore as the innocent youth Gretta loved who would never fade away.Gabriels soul begins to approach the bulky region where dwell the vast hosts of the dead , he can feel but cant apprehend their flickering existence. As Gabriels identity begins to fade out he is experiencing an almost out of body experience. The dead are referred to as flickering, which is reminiscent of a candle, these could be the previously referred to shades. This flickering existence could be contrasted with the bold passage of Michael into the other world, and the light, which seems articulation of him, that shines through the window upon them.Gabriel is drawn by taps upon the window and realises that it had begun to snow again and from this comes the realisation that it is snowing all over Ireland and thus on the graveyard where Michael lay from this he is able to draw a link between Michael and himself. Again the fact that he is drawn by the window shows how this realisation is brought on by the memory of Michael. Gabriels soul swoons as he hears it falling like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead, he now feels the effect that the dead have upon the living. These final thoughts c ould suggest that the living might, in fact, be able to escape and live unfettered by the past, because surely snow cant last forever?Gabriels emotions at the beginning were fervent and filled with anger and passion, they fluctuate as the evening progresses and these fluctuations are triggered by Grettas mood and response to him and thus, in effect, by Michael Furey. By the end of the story Gabriel is no longer angry but feels a keen sense of self awareness triggered by Grettas revelation that Michael Furey died for her. The setting of the story against the backdrop of winter which, in literary tradition is a symbol for death, is entirely appropriate given the nature of Gabriels epiphany. Joyce exhibits how, beyond the grave, the dead can still have an effect on the living. In his speech at the party Gabriel says, of the dead,Were we to brood upon them always we could not find the heart to go on,Will he ever manage to escape the death of Michael Furey?

Ethics Dilemma Paper Essay Example for Free

Ethics Dilemma Paper EssayETHICS DILEMMA PAPER bingle of the most difficult things in the criminal justice field is related to ethics in the criminal justice profession. Whether it being a corrections officer, police force of nature officer, or a judge. The main goal is to en authentic you as a professional are making the right decision for the greater good and that it travel within the guidelines that are set before you in the laws that have been written. In the recent dilemma that occurred in Broward County on February 19, 2014 is an example of an ethics dilemma in the criminal justice field that happens much too often. I will explain to you the nature of the dilemma, the respectable/unethical decision that was made, the outcome of the property, and suggest some(prenominal) alternative flows of actions that could have taken place instead and why.NATURE OF THE DILEMMAOn February 19, 2014 a Broward County Sheriffs lieutenant of 20 plus years on the military conducted a t raffic stop of a vehicle traveling unlawfully in the HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) lane. Once the deputy had the vehicle stopped he was advised by the woman in the drivers seat that she was recording him conducting the traffic stop. Once the sheriffs deputy gained knowledge ofthis he proceeded to force his way into the womans vehicle trying to snap her phone, then pulling her out of the vehicle and dragging her onto the ground causing injuries in several places as another deputy stood by with his gun drawn. exclusively the while this was going on he continued to yell at her stating she was committing a felony and telling her I know the law better than you , and placing her under arrest. The ethical dilemma this situation brings forward is was the actions taken by this deputy really necessary and justified on an ethical basis? (Miller, 2014).ETHICAL DECISION makeIn this fussy situation an unethical decision was made based on the circumstances of the incident at hand. The deputy was committing a crime (felony) himself by unlawfully forcing his way into her vehicle, and detaining her against her will for a crime she did not commit. All for a simple civil infraction (driving in an HOV lane), that could have been handled in a totally different and professional manner. This was the only law the woman was breaking at the time, and the only probable cause the deputy had to go on for the actions that he took.OUTCOME OF THE SITUATIONOnce the dust settled upon this unfortunate situation, the deputy assumed and mentation that the woman was breaking the law by recording the sound and video of the deputy. He assumed that he had to give the woman permission to audio record him. Unfortunately to his disadvantage the Florida courts ruled upholding a expectation of privateness provision (Silverman, 2012) to their all-party law, which the courts ruled does not apply to on-duty police (or anyone in public), as long as you are not interfering with them in conducting their duty. In this particular case the deputy appeared to be uneducated in this revision to the law that the law enforcement agency clearly neglected to educate its department on.ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF proceeding/ WHYAccording to the situation at hand some of the alternative courses of actions that the deputy could have taken and the woman that was being stopped could have been drastically different. Ethically speaking the deputy could have not taken his actions to the extreme that he did all over the simple recording violation that he thought the woman was committing. His life was not in danger nor was there any indication of any physical threat coming from the woman. The deputy totally handled that situation in a very unprofessional and unethical manner.On the other hand the woman could have easily been justified in using injurious force on the deputy if he was not a law enforcement officer. She would have been justified well within the guidelines of Floridas Justifiable Use of Force law considering he unlawfully forced his into her car and violently dragged her out. Fortunately for him he was a law enforcement officer or he could have been killed.Another course of action for the sheriffs deputy and the department could have been to properly educate themselves and their officers of the most current laws regarding these types of situations. In addition to making sure each and every deputy gets a refresher course on the necessary use of force procedures every few years.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion of this ethical dilemma situation, what I can draw from this is several things. One being always treat people in a way I would like to be hardened unless circumstances dictate otherwise it is the right and ethical action to take. Sometimes we just do not get that luxury of doing such an action when traffic with certain types of people and situations and yes certain actions are necessary. Always take the time to educate yourself on certain laws or information you are not sure of before acting on what you think may be correct. Just like the famous saying, Ignorance of the law is not an excuse, and this is very true but it does go both ways for law enforcement and the public.ReferencesMiller, C. (2014). Photography is not a crime. Retrieved from http//photographyisnotacrime.com/2014/02/19/broward-sheriffs-deputy-violently-attacks-woman-recording-traffic-stop/Silverman, S. (2012). Reason.com free minds and free markets. Retrieved from http//reason.com/archives/2012/04/05/7-rules-for-recording-police

Virginia Woolfs The Death Of The Moth

Virginia Woolfs The Death Of The MothIn Virginia Woolfs The Death of the Moth, she wrote approximately a pathetic moths finis process. Although its struggling and fighting against death moved her, the moth died in the turn back. The Death of the Moth reveals a initiation filled up with common objects the moth, downs, sunlight, rooks, men etc. The connection mingled with them, however, is extraordinary. The center of this world is frozen on a moribund moth and everything else is background. They are here to see and to contrast the death of the moth. In this world, life and death changed in a wink and this death process is released in a condensed way, striking us readers simple and quiet life. Woolf was a person who suffered mental illness throughout her life. In this essay, she commonly used personification. She considered the moth as herself. By condensing the human lifetime to a day life of a hay-colored moth, she demonstrated that death was inevitable. up to now though due to the true nature of life, living beings tend to fight against the oncoming doom (107), any effort against the power pull up stakes die eventually.Surprisingly, Woolf created a window that separated the moth and her from the outside world. At the beginning of this essay, she wrote about the pleasant summer morning. Everything outside was inspired by the vigor. The keener smell of air, the early work in the field, the utmost clamor and vociferation of rooks shows us this scene of vitality (106). In addition, she chose to write umpteen big, strong and significant things on purpose, such as the marker plough, the horses, the ploughmen, the rooks etc. She aimed to foreshadow the contrast between the moth and outside living beings That was all he could do, in spite of the size of the downs, the width of the sky, the far-off smoke of houses, and the romanticistic voice, now and then, of a steamer out at sea (106, 107). Compared to the world outside the window, the moth was pathetic and little or nothing just now life (107). The globe was larger than the moth can notice. However, compared to the oncoming doom, even the large and strong outside world was fragile and insignificant, let alone the little moth as long as it chose to, the oncoming doom could submerge an entire city, not merely a city, to a greater extentover masses of human beings nothing, I knew, has any chance against death (108).The world inside the window was individual and different from the world outside. Woolf wrote about the moth flying around the window, from one corner to another, or across them. Not only the moth was tiny, but also its life, though somehow vigorous at that moment, was actually boring. There was nothing else left for it to do besides flying. Outside world was bright and colorful, but the moth was somewhat lonely, just want Woolf herself. The window was like a barrier, keeping her away from enjoying the optimistic and positive life. She entangle pity for the moth, just as if she felt sympathy for herself. Eventually, the moth settled on the windowsill, maybe because it was tired. It wanted to fly again, but failed. It seemed that this little creature was exhausted. Its movement and struggling was awkward. It failed several times and finally vaporize down and lay on its back. Death crept up on this poor and pathetic moth. Woolf tended to help it, but suddenly realized that this was the token of death. She knew death was inevitable, and she veritable that. In her mind, nothing people can do to stop the power of death. Hence, she chose not to interfere with the natural process. The moth was struggling. She was moved by its extremely strong will to live. Its tiny little legs fluttered repeatedly. The detain protest was a success, but this instant victory did not save it from taking away by death. At the last few sentences of the last paragraph, she repeated the word death for six times, trying to emphasize that nothing can win the battle against oncom ing doom. Except utilise repetition here that adds force, the whole passage was trying to avoid this. Synonyms were commonly seen in her words, such as pity, pathetic, sympathies also useless, helplessness, futile, vainly and failure death, oncoming doom, the power, component part etc.From her words it was superb this last protest, ones sympathies, of cause, were all on the side of life, moved one strangely etc., we can see that Woolf admired, respected and praised the life (108). Thus, she utilized personification throughout her essay. The moth is she, and she is the moth, struggling and fighting all her life. Virginia Woolf suffered mental illness during her lifetime. Actually, the date when she wrote this essay was very close to her suicide. As she said in the end of the essay death is stronger than I am, her illness was torturing her and she wanted an end (108). The moths life is actually her life. She condensed it to a day. Her life is not colorful and interesting like the w orld outside the window, but boring, plain and dull. She had a same window deep down in her mind. A barrier, through which she could see the world, but she fail to blend in it.Maybe for the reason of her mental illness, she can see the world differently than common people and can understand her inner thoughts more thoroughly, thus creating her magnificent achievements in mastering the technique stream of consciousness. She can write complex sentences as her wish, and mix her true feelings into her words Yet, because he was so small, and so simple a form of the energy that was rolling in at the open window and driving its way through so many narrow and intricate corridors in my own brain and in those of other human beings, there was something marvelous as well as pathetic about him (107).In this essay, Virginia Woolf seemingly wrote about the moth, while actually she wrote about herself. Pessimistic emotion flooded this essay. No one can stop the natural process. No one can escape fr om death.

Impact of Sea Level Rise and Adaption Strategy

Impact of Sea Level Rise and Adaption StrategyThis essay focuses on a impact of SLR along the NZ costal margin and an overview of the different adaptation strategies, a recommended framework for decision making to support local anaesthetic adaptation measures.Introduction hitherto if greenhouse gas emissions stop tomorrow, the effects of climate change impart continue in the certain manner. One of the recognized impacts of climate change and by chance the most dramatic for the many coastal communities of NZ is the ocean take aim rise. As oceans warm, they expand, raising the global ocean level. Melting ice caps and land-based ice sheets also institute to the rise in sea level. This essay focuses on investigating how much effect and effect along the NZ coastal margin and how much of our preparation weve through with(p) to minimize this devastating effect.-2Impact and EffectsMost of our NZ population live and work within the 5km of our coast business line which mean the large ma jority of the built environment will face increasing risks from ongoing SLR-1. Basic each(prenominal)y, there are three types of coastal dangers in New Zealand, which are directly requireed by the advance sea level-1. Inland FloodingRising sea levels are increasingly affecting our coastal cities. Coastal floods occur when the sea rises above the normal flood level and flows down into lowland streams-1. This results is flooded buildings as well as damaged subway infrastructure. The rising sea level could append the duration and extent of the floods of the river. If much(prenominal) river floods peak at high water, they become more damaging as flood waters become higher-3The projected frequency of extreme water levels is valuable because inland waters are a threat to people living near our coastal cities and small islands. As reported in the report Dr.Jright Wright, down the stairs table shows that In future, our four major coastal cities ports will more than the excesses of todays 100 years of events more and more often-1 totally our infrastructures such as buildings, roads, airports, sewer water systems based on a historical understanding of the range of tides and occasional floods in storms. As the sea level increases, areas of deep coastal coasts, which are fill in storms, are becoming more frequent and heavy flooding. Areas that are a little higher also begin to flood over time.-1 wearing awaysAs already mentioned, coastal flooding occurs in deeper areas when the sea rises above the normal high water level it will open up wetlands to the water, erode beaches, increase floods and increase the salt content of river estuaries.-1 As a result of these effects of coastal erosion, the effect washed on sediment or rocks and our coastal line is changing. Coastal erosion is a natural process that has been happening for thousands of years. Sea water collides with cliff and shore, it causes sediment or rocks to be washed out to the sea. Erosion domiciliat e happen under any condition, but it tends to increase rate when wave are strong. Wave cause erosion in four master(prenominal) types-4The way in which erosion on the coast changes depends largely on the nature of the rocks in early(a) words its Geology-4. But as the sea level rises, the erosion increases in many places around the coastline when strong storm waves arrive at the beach-1. Thus, beaches and cliffs that are susceptible to erosion are likely to destroy faster. non only that stable beaches can also begin to destroy, and beaches that accumulate may slow down or begin to erode.-1High Ground water argumentationAdapted from-3Unfortunately, groundwater problems are non visible and it is very difficult to measure. Most of our coastal areas, the groundwater is not far below the ground and is connected to the sea. As the sea level rises, the water level in these areas will rise, which can lead to both kind activities and coastal ecosystems-1 such asRecommendation Adaptatio n proviso Adaptation StrategiesWe now know that with the climate change rising seas are emerging and that this rise in the sea level will drastically affect our coastal communities-2. These communities require resilience and adaptation strategies to minimize the long-term economic, environmental and social impacts of the sea level rise on coastal development. So we can group the basic adaptation strategies to the sea level as follow-2ProtectProtect is a reactive strategy to protect people, property and infrastructure from rising sea level and is generally considered the inaugural answer. The protection of the coast by structural mechanisms such as dikes, seawalls and sandbags is the traditional approach to deal with the rise in sea level in many parts of the world. Protection strategies tend to be expensive, and can have long-term effectiveness in long-term vulnerable places.-2But this can lead to a false sense of security. It can also increase the risk by encouraging the developm ent behind dikes and other structural protection elements, which can make the number of people and the amount of property at risk if this is not. Protection strategies are particularly attractive when the cost of protecting governments are supported at different levels like if individual owners bear little or no risk and if land use is not perceived by the municipal authorities in the long term.-2AccommodateThis is an adaptive strategy that enables continuous occupation of the coastal areas while changing human activities and infrastructure to adapt to the rise in sea level. The accommodation can be part of the new building, the use of structural filling to raise the increase in the habitable space, the restriction of the building areas subject to flooding in garages, others-2RetreatAny strategic decision to withdraw, relocate, or abandon private or public assets that are threatened, relocated or abandoned due to the rise in sea level and associated coastal risks is a retreat. It is an adaptive strategy to settle the use of structural protection, the development of discourages in areas exposed to sea level rise, and the planning of the possible relocation of buildings and infrastructures to areas without risk or lower risk areas-2. subjugateThis means that the new development does not take place in areas exposed to coastal hazards associated with an increase in sea level or a surface that will increase over time. Basically this is the identification of the future no build areas within the municipal planning documents.-2Recommendation It is a heady step to begin planning the future sea level from now on. From the preparation of New Zealand for rising seas certainty and Uncertainty (Wright, 2015) 1 report contains eight recommendations to the government. The first seven focus on improving the direction and advice given to the councils. The last recommendation focuses on the fiscal risks of the rise in sea level.-1ConclusionAll thing considered , this essay fo cuses on a New Zealand impact of SLR along the NZ costal margin and an overview of the different adaptation strategies, a recommended framework for decision-making to support local adaptation measures. As a result, the impact of the rising sea level on our coastal line is more likely to be felt. Therefore, adaptation responses mustiness be introduced earlier to take into account the excessive rise in sea level-10.Overall, we can suggest that there is no single adjustment to the sea level rise, and that the most logical answer would be a combination of all four basic strategies, as discussed in the previous sections, and it is likely that decisions on appropriate action are taken at a Area by area with factors such as topography, prosperity and population density all expected to influence the suitability of each response-10Although the information that local and government authorities need to know must be aware that there is a high percentage of uncertainty that are present in sea l evel forecasting, and adaptation responses must be flexible, under changing conditions, and typically tool responses well in advance, When required-10.References 1 http//www.pce.parliament.nz/media/1380/preparing-nz-for-rising-seas-web-small.pdf2 http//www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/climate-change/policy-legislation-and-responses/adaptation/sea-level-rise/slr-primer.pdf3 http//www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/290088/nz-urged-to-act-on-rising-sea-levels4 https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUh3WeilFN45 http//www.stuff.co.nz/environment/80441421/Eating-the-shore-New-Zealands-shrinking-coastline6 http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/05/120531-groundwater-depletion-may-accelerate-sea-level-rise/7 http//hubpages.com/education/Mega-Engineering-Solutions-to-Sea-level-Rise-Buckets-and-Plug-Holes8 ) https//www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf9 https//www.planning.org/planning/2012/jan/waterwarriorsside2.htm10 https//blackboard.vuw.ac.nz/bbcswebdav/ pid-1948452-dt-content-rid-4067513_1/courses/201601.ESCI201.11341/Essay1.pdf

Polycystic Kidney Disease Causes and Treatment

Polycystic Kidney Disease Causes and TreatmentIntroductionPolycystic kidney distemper effects roughly 10 million people worldwide. Even though this disease is so prominent it lacks research in the field of therapeutics from biopharmaceutical companies as they invest their resources into fields which ar seen to be more(prenominal) profitable i.e. bathcer research. This lack of research is what enticed us to carry out our project on polycystic kidney disease.This project go forth firstly outline the level of the polycystic kidney disease, how it effects patients, the give of the disease and the current therapeutic treatment available to combat polycystic kidney disease in section 1.Section 2 give tint at the current diagnostic regularitys employed by a physician to see if a patient is suffering from polycystic kidney disease. Diagnostic methods such as mental imagery and genetic interrogation forget be dealt with here.Lastly section 3 will look at a potential new diagnosti c technique which has been formed employ proteomic techniques to identify the difference between a healthy polycystin-1 protein comp atomic number 18d to a mutated polycystin-1 protein.The first record of Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is from the 16th century. In 1586, the King of Poland died from cysts on his kidneys. The cysts were described by his surgeon as large like those of a bull, with an uneven and bumpy surface. At the time of his death he was diagnosed with meningeal abscesses. It wasnt until a group of physicians re-examined the records of the Kings death over 300 ampere-second years later that his cause of death was agreed to be PKD. The term polycystic kidney disease was first use by Flix Lejars in 1888, although the mode of inheritance of this disease wasnt understood for almost an other i hundred years. In the 1990s, the formation of cysts was understood at a molecular level. This helped in the discovery of the genes that cause PKD (Ayse, 2016).Figure.1 A visua l representation of the transmembrane proteins Polycystin-1 and Polycystin-2. Also seen is the Polycystin-1 receptor located in extracellularly.(Gallagher, Germino and Somlo, 2010)PKD is a genetic disease in which the renal tissue within the outer cortex and inner medulla is replaced with fluid filled sacs (or cysts). These cysts enlarge the kidneys and inhibit kidney function. Hypertension, haematuria and chronic pain are the most common symptoms associated with PKD (Seeger-Nukpezah et al., 2015). PKD has twain forms Autosomal Dominant (ADPKD) and Autosomal recessive (ARPKD). ADPKD is the result of the inheritance of one mutant PKD1 or PKD2 gene, which affects 1750 people worldwide. 85% of ADPKD cases are cause by conversions in PKD1. Mutations in this gene lead to earlier disease onset. The other 15% of cases are attributed to a vicissitude in PKD2.All ADPKD patients inherit one normal allele and one mutant allele. Cases where both alleles have the prevalent mutation lead t o embryonic lethality. ARPKD is caused by the inheritance of two recessive mutated PKHD1 genes. ARPKD is considerably less common with an incidence of 120,000. ARPKD progresses at a much instant(prenominal) rate than ADPKD. It usually causes death at birth or requires transplantation in early childhood. Multiple different types of mutations in PKD1, PKD2, and PKHD1 have been researched, including frameshifts, deletions, and premature jibe codon insertions (Wilson, 2015).In the possessive form of PKD there is only one mutated gene inherited. This mutated gene is unable to produce the proteins PC-1 or PC-2. However, the non-mutated allele potful hitherto function as normal and can produce enough of the polycystin proteins to maintain kidney function. It is only when a somatic mutation occurs ca apply the normal allele to fuck off inactivated that symptoms of the disease will occur. (Torres and Harris, 2010)PKD-1 is located on the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13.3). PKD-2 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 4 (4q21) ( flatak et al., 2016). Polycystin-1 and 2 are large transmembrane proteins which are encoded by PKD1 and 2. Both proteins affect multiple downstream signalling proteins (Seeger-Nukpezah et al., 2015).In a normally functioning nephron as the urinary filtrate flows by and causes the primary cilia to bend polycystin 1 and 2 respond by allowing calcium influx which activate pathways in the cell which inhibit cell proliferation. PC1 has the efficacy to sense when the primary cilia bends which activates PC2 calcium channels. If either PC1 or PC2 is absent the signal to inhibit cell growth is not received (Chebib et al., 2015).PKD1 or PKD2 mutations cause a reduction in intracellular calcium. This triggers a change in the response of the cell to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from suppression to proliferation. The concentration of cAMP directly affects the act of Protein Kinase A. Four cAMP molecules are required to activate one PKA enzyme. The increased production of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase 6 is dependent on antidiuretic hormone (Chebib et al., 2015).Despite the many another(prenominal) break by dint ofs in research allowing for a greater understanding of the disease, there is currently no cure for PKD. However, there are drugs which can suppress symptoms brought on by the disease. Beta blockers such as, Tenormin, can be used to treat hypertension and haematuria can be treated with antibiotics. Understanding the effect of PC1 and PC2 mutations on the vasopressin receptor in the cell lead to the development of Tolvaptan. This drug slows down the formation of cysts in the kidneys. Tolvaptan blocks the vasopressin receptor, which will stop the signalling pathway. Therefore, cAMP production will be reduced. (Ema.europa.eu, 2017)The current diagnostic methods for polycystic kidney disease include genetic testing, pre-natal testing and mental imagery studies in the form of ultrasounds, CT (Computed Tomograp hy) scans and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scansThe imaging studies contain a scan of the kidneys to identify the presence of any abnormalities in the form of renal cysts. An ultrasound mechanism uses high frequency sound waves to capture and realize images that jargon be seen with the naked eye. The CT scan combines many x-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross sectional views and/or 3-dimensional images of the kidneys and the MRI scan uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to from pictures of the kidneys.The appearance of three or more renal cysts, either one-sided or bilateral, on the image is enough to diagnose a patient between the ages of 15 and 39 with polycystic kidney disease. In patients aged 40 59, the presence of two or more cysts in each kidney fulfils the criteria to diagnose the patient with polycystic kidney disease. The presence of four or more cysts in each kidney is used to diagnose of age(p) patients (F. Belibi et al., 2008). The kidneys on an image may appear enlarged but retain their normal reniform shape in the case of a patient presenting with realizable polycystic kidney disease. The medullary pyramids in the centre of the kidney may be more visible on an image in contrast to the cortex which can give a peripheral halo on the image obtained. High resolution imaging studies allows the visualisation of numerous cylindrical cysts within the medulla and the cortex which represent ectatic put in ducts within the kidney (F. Gaillard, 2015).Genetic testing for polycystic kidney disease is for those who have a family history of polycystic kidney disease who has no symptoms and may consider being screened for the disease. Genetic tests can be done to screen for both PKD1 or PKD2 mutations. A method of PCR known as PCR- SSCP (Polymerase Chain Reaction Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) is used to view mutations, if any, in the patients genomic desoxyribonucleic acid. In SSCP analysis, a mutate d deoxyribonucleic acid sequence is detected as a change of mobility in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis caused by the altered folded mental synthesis of single-stranded DNA (K. Hayashi, 1991). The genomic DNA of the white blood cells in patients with the possible polycystic kidney disease gene are isolated. These samples of genomic DNA are and then amplified by PCR utilise two primers to amplify the potential polycystic kidney disease genes (R. Jas et al., 2012) The PCR product is then analysed using the SSCP method. This method involves loading the PCR product samples onto the acryl amide gel and gel electrophoresis occurs. After closing of the gel electrophoresis musical note, the gel is subjected to silver staining to visualise the SSCP band patterns (B. Yadav et al., 2009). The silver stained gel is kept on a transilluminator and the SSCP variants are recorded. DNA samples from the abnormal bands seen on the transilluminator are sequenced to see what kind of mutation an d where the location of the mutation is on the polycystic kidney disease gene (Z. Dian-Yong et al., 2002). In PCR-SSCP analysis, changes in several hundred base pairs are detected in contrast with other techniques in which changes in relatively short sequences can be detected. Because of this, PCR-SSCP analysis is much more sensitive to the replication errors that can occur during the PCR process (K. Hayashi, 1991).Diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease can also be done prenatally. If the parents agree, a prenatal diagnosis can be done on the developing foetus if there is a history of polycystic kidney disease in either the parents or extended family . A DNA sample is taken from both parents and a sample of tissue is taken from the fetus. The tissue sample is obtained from the fetus by a procedure called aminocentesis which involves passing a needle into the mothers lower abdomen and into the amniotic cavity inside the uterus. The sample is then amplified by PCR to detect any mutati ons in the DNA that could lead to the fetus developing polycystic kidney disease in the future (K. MacDermot et al., 1998).The imaging studies, genetic testing and prenatal testing for polycystic kidney disease have advantages and disadvantages. One advantage of the imaging studies is that they are reliable, inexpensive and a non-invasive way to diagnose polycystic kidney disease (A.Khan, 2015). A disadvantage of imaging studies is that while they are sensitive in the detection of polycystic kidney disease, problems may cut with smaller cysts. Smaller cysts on scans may not be easily differentiated from small, solid masses within the kidneys (A.Khan, 2015). An advantage of CT scans when compared to MRI scans is that the cysts on the kidney will enhance on the image when dye is administered into the patient intravenously (A. Khan, 2015) (F. Gaillard, 2015). MRI scans of the kidneys are becoming a useful technique in diagnose more complicated cysts and can be used in addition to or instead of CT scans (A. Khan, 2015).The advantage of genetic testing as a method of diagnosing polycystic kidney disease is that it can determine if a person who has a relative with polycystic kidney disease will in the future start covering symptoms of the disease. Some disadvantages of genetic testing as a method of diagnosing polycystic kidney disease is that they are extremely costly tests to carry out and sometimes they cant pick up on certain gene mutations that could eventually lead to the person having polycystic kidney disease (National Kidney Foundation, 2016).The major advantage of prenatal testing for polycystic kidney disease is the position that treatment using cyst suppressing drugs can be used early in the diseased patients life meaning the formation of renal damaging cysts will be slowed down drastically compared to a patient who was not on the cyst supressing treatment early in their life time. The negative of prenatal testing is of course the invasive nature of extracting tissue from the foetus which many parents would not agree with however the benefits of early diagnosis of this disease will lead to a better quality of life for the child in their later years.As discussed in the previous section the current diagnostic methods for diagnosing polycystic kidney disease is through the use of various scans and genetic testing. The genetic testing is carried out by analysing the DNA sequence in order to identify any mutations which may be present.As a new method of diagnosing this disease a study of the protein polycystin-1 which when mutated is responsible for polycystic kidney disease, will be analysed by using proteomic methods.Firstly, the polycystin-1 protein must be extracted from a patient who wishes to obtain diagnosis of the disease. Since polycystin-1 is a membrane protein and is located in the kidney it will be necessary to extract kidney tissue from the patient by carrying out a quick and simple biopsy procedure. The biopsy removes kidney tissue by inserting a thin biopsy needle through the skin and into the kidney whilst the patient is under local anaesthetic.Now that tissue containing the polycystin-1 or its mutated form is extracted from the patient it must be treated in order to release the proteins contained within the tissue. The tissue will firstly be homogenized and lysed in order to release the proteins into solution. The sample will then be centrifuged at 14,000 rpm at 4C for 15 min. This centrifugation step removes any insoluble material and the supernatant will contain the proteins from the tissue sample including the protein of interest polycystin-1. This method was carried out by Malhas, Abuknesha, and Price 2001 whilst trying to shed light on the polycystin-1 protein.Now that polycystin-1 is in solution it can be separated from the other proteins by means of 2D gel electrophoresis. This technique will separate the polycystin-1 protein from other proteins based firstly on their isoelectric point s (pIs) and secondly by their molecular weight. After carrying out this two-dimensional separation the gel is stained with stains such as coomassie fantabulous blue (CBB) or silver staining in order to visualize the spots on the gel. By carrying out bioinformatical analysis the molecular weight and pI of polycystin-1 can easily be obtained (Mishra 2010).The molecular weight of polycystin-1 is 460.3 kDa and it has a pI of 6.27. With this information, the band which corresponds to the molecular weight and pI of polycystin-1 can be easily place and excised from the gel.Before excising the polycystin-1 protein from the gel it must first be fragmented into peptides using trypsin cleavage.By fragmenting the protein with trypsin, peptide molecules are formed which are now suitable to be sequenced using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. These peptides must then be suspended in a matrix suitable for MALDI-TOF MS. An example of such a matrix is -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid which was used in the work carried out by Malhas, Abuknesha, and Price, when they crystallized the polycystin-1 protein using the MALDI-TOF technique. This matrix is suitable as the peptides are below 5 kDa.The matrix and peptide mixture is then loaded onto the metal plate of the MALDI-TOF MS analyser where it will be hit by a pulsing UV laser. The matrix molecules absorb the UV light causing the matrix molecules to enter the gas phase along with their coupled vaporised peptides which then become ionized. The TOF MS then measures the time it takes the ions to fly as lighter ions travel faster. The ions will then hit the ion detector and the on board computer will produce the plot of the mass spectrum (Kraj and Silberring 2008).MALDI-TOF MS is the sublime method to analyse the polycystin-1 protein as like ESI, it is a soft ionization technique meaning there will be little or no fragmentation of the compounds being analysed. Once the mass spectrum is obtained it is then compared to the mass spectrum of t he normally functioning polycystin-1 protein which can theoretically be fragmented by trypsin in the online databases. whatsoever differences between the sample and the known mass spectrum of the normal protein will signal a mutation has occurred.This method of protein analysis is a very effective and cost-efficient way of screening for the mutated proteins. The study carried out by Brioude et al 2016 proves this as they looked at using MALDI-TOF MS to test for mutated proteins leading to lung tumours. In this study, they concluded that the method is very promising and it should be used in several surgical settings where rapid evaluation of abnormal tissue is required. This highlights how this new method of analysing polycystin-1 for a mutation could prove very effective in diagnosing polycystic kidney disease.This method holds a distinct advantage over the imaging methods currently in use as diagnosis can be made early in a patients life before they show symptoms or the formation of cyst on their kidneys which are associated with polycystic kidney disease. Early diagnosis of this disease means that drugs for the prevention of cyst formation such as Jinarc which contains the API Tolvaptan can prolong a patients kidney function by diminish down the rate at which the fluid filled cysts on the kidneys are formed.This method is used to identify a mutation of the polycystin-1 protein which attributes to 85% of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease cases. The other 15% is made up of mutations of the protein polycystin-2. Fibrocystin is the mutated protein responsible for autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Both the dominant and recessive forms of this disease can be diagnosed using the above method in order to identify a mutation in either polycystin-2 or fibrocystin proteins if there is no mutation of polycystin-1 observed.From the above sections, it can be seen how sever and prominent polycystic kidney disease is worldwide. Although this disea se is genetically inherited from or both parents, symptoms of the disease are slow progressing. In 85% of cases the disease will not advance to renal failure until the patient is 50-60 years of age.The current diagnostic techniques currently used by doctors such as imaging and genetic testing have their benefits however they are also flawed. The major disadvantage seen in this project regarding the current diagnostic techniques is the diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease in a patient where uncontrolled cyst formation has already occurred and serious renal problems have begun.With the use of our new proteomic technique earlier diagnosis will be possible before the disease has progressed to renal failure. Early diagnosis means that the use of drugs such as Tolvaptan can be used to significantly slow down cyst formation which will ultimately increase the length of time a patient suffering with polycystic kidney disease has before renal failure occurs.A.Khan (2015) Imaging in Autosom al Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease, Medscape Journal , 01(1).Ayse, B. (2016). Tear drops of kidney a historical overview of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia, 1.B. Yadav D. Kale (2009) Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) compendium by Nondenaturing PAGE Journal of Biological Methods, 01 (1).Brioude, G., Brgeon, F., Trousse, D., Flaudrops, C., Secq, V., De Dominicis, F., Chabrires, E., Djourno, X.-B., Raoult, D. and Thomas, P.-A. (2016) Rapid diagnosis of lung tumors, a Feasability study using Maldi-Tof mass Spectrometry, PLOS ONE, 11(5). doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0155449.Chebib, F., Sussman, C., Wang, X., Harris, P. and Torres, V. (2015). Vasopressin and disruption of calcium signalling in polycystic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 11(8), pp.451-464.Ema.europa.eu. (2017). European Medicines Agency Human medicines EU/3/13/1175. online Available at http//www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/orphans/2013/09/huma n_orphan_001257.jspmid=WC0b01ac058001d12bsource=homeMedSearch Accessed 4 Mar. 2017.F. Gaillard (2015) Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Radiopaedia Journal, 01(1).F.Belibi C. Edelstein (2008) Unified Ultrasonic Diagnostic Criteria for Polycystic Kidney Disease Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 20 (1).Gallagher, A., Germino, G. and Somlo, S. (2010). Molecular Advances in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Advances in inveterate Kidney Disease, 17(2), pp.118-130.K.Hayashi (1991) PCR-SSCP A Simple and Sensitive Method for Detection of Mutations in the Genomic DNA Genome Research, 01 (1).Kraj, A. and Silberring, J. (eds.) (2008) Proteomics Introduction to methods and applications. Chichester, fall in Kingdom John Wiley Sons.MacDermot, K., Saggar-Malik, A., Economides, D. and Jeffery, S. (1998). Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD1) presenting in utero and prognosis for very early onset disease. Journal of Medical Genetics, 35(1), pp.13-16.Malhas, A.N., Abuknesha, R.A. and Price, R.G. (2001) Polycystin-1 Immunoaffinity isolation and characterisation by mass spectrometry, FEBS Letters, 505(2), pp. 313-316. doi 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02842-3.Mishra, N.C. (2010) Introduction to proteomics Principles and applications. United Kingdom John Wiley Sons.National Kidney Foundation (2016) Polycystic Kidney Disease online, available https//www.kidney.org/atoz/content/polycystic/ accessed 26 February 2017.Nowak, M., Huras, H., Wieche, M., Jach, R., Rado-Pokracka, M. and Grecka, J. (2016). Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease diagnosed in utero. Review. Ginekologia Polska, 87(8), pp.605-608.Rusni Mohd, Jas (2012) Amplification of truly Time High Resolution Melting Analysis PCR Method for Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Gene Mutations in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Patients African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(25).Seeger-Nukpezah, T., Geynisman, D., Nikonova, A., Benzing, T. and G olemis, E. (2015). The hallmarks of cancer relevance to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 11(9), pp.515-534.Torres, V. and Harris, P. (2010). Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 4th ed. Elsevier Saunders, pp.529-542.Wilson, P. (2015). Therapeutic targets for polycystic kidney disease. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 20(1), pp.35-45.Z. Dian-Yong, Z. Shu-Zhong, T. Bing, Z. Wei-Li, D. Bing, S. Mao, S. Tian-Mei M. Chang-Lin (2002) Detection of Polycystic Kidney Disease Gene 2 Mutations in the Hans by PCR-SSCP Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University, 01 (1).

Basseri and The Nuer :: essays papers

Basseri and The NuerThere are many cultures throughout the world, which may be far apart and yet still have similarities. cardinal of those such cultures, the Basseri, that live in Iran, and the Nuer, whom live in Sudan, have their differences, but also have some similarities. Many of the differences and similarities come from their subsistence strategies and the social and political presidency of their societies. With the regions of the world, both the Basseri and the Nuer live in, theyve had to adapt to the environment they live in along with the limitations imposed by that environment. Among the differences and similarities of the Basseri and the Nuer, their subsistence strategies are the most diverse in differences and similarities. Both the Basseri and the Nuer depose on their domesticated animals as a source of subsistence. A difference between the Basseri and the Nuer is that the Basseri have goats and sheep to provide the bulk of their subsistence products, while the Nuer use cattle as a source of subsistence. Another subsistence strategy of the Basseri is foraging, which is suited well for their nomadic way of life, by hunting large game and finding plants and mushrooms in the springtime. The Nuer, on the other hand, have a mixed subsistence strategy between pastoralism and horticulture. The Nuer cannot rely solely on either one, so other than the cattle they also graze millet, their main crop, and a sm either amount of maize and beans.The social and political organization of the Basseri and the Nuer are very much different. The Basseris social organization is base upon that of nuclear families they are also neolocal, meaning that upon marriage a couple starts their own nuclear family in a new tent. After marriage, in rate for the couple to begin a new household, the economise usually receives part of his fathers herd and at times, if not given any animals, the husband can work and receive animals as a payment. During the spring, the nomadic tribes can be supported in large numbers in a unmarried camp while during the winter, camps are setup in smaller groups. The Basseri reckon descent patrilineally where inheritance is usually from father to son. A woman bestows social status rights to her own tribe or her offspring. The Basseri consider themselves one unified tribe because they are all subsumed under the authority of a single leader, the chief of all the Basseri.

Attitude Towards War in The Soldier and Anthem for Doomed Youth Essay

Attitude Towards War in The Soldier and Anthem for doomed Youth The two poems that I will be comparing in this essay are TheSoldier By Rupert Brooke, and Anthem for Doomed Youth By WilfredOwen. Both of these poems are sonnets and both are written during TheFirst World War. Although both sonnets are set during the same timeperiod and are or so the same war, the poets have very contradictingviews these views are expressed in their work.The first poem The Soldier is focused on the different meanings andaspects of dying for your country in a foreign land, orbehind-enemy-lines. In a war as brutal and tragic as the Second WorldWar, the death of a unblemished soldier is often neglected and cast aside.Therefore, the poet concentrates on not provided the physical consequencesand effects of his death, but the mental and spiritual ones too. Thepoet believes that because he is an Englishman he represents a smallmoving part of England. This leads him to believe that if he dies onthe battle nat ional, the ground on which his corpse decomposes will becomea tiny fraction of England. The poet believes that the only purpose ofhis death is to bless the land he dies on.If I should die, think only this of me That theres some corner of a foreign fieldThat is for ever England.This is proof of the poets belief that if he is to die away from hishomeland he will turn the ground he dies on into a piece of hishomeland. This shows that he is patriotic and that even in death hefeels he will be doing something to help his countrys cause in thewar. In the same stanza the poet goes on the praise the rich andwealthy value his death will bring to the country he dies in. The poetsees England as a super... ...e readers attention. later on reading these two poems, I had a very different opinion of war.The references to cattle in the second sonnet and the patriotism inthe first curiously helped me to understand war more intelligently.If three-hundred people die in a plane crash, it is seen as a tragedy.If one-million people die in a war, it is seen as a statistic. Byunderstanding the emotions and opinions of people truly affected bycombat, you can gain valuable knowledge and insight into the realhorrors and atrocities of war. It is often the aspiration of schoolboys togo to war and fight. If they understood the more horrific and damagingaspects of conflict I am sure that they would not dream for a second,of going to war. That is wherefore I believe these poems are very valuablein the modern world. They are an effective tool in the education ofyoung minds.